Ethno Religious Crisis in Nigeria: Causes and Remedy.

ETHNO eyeual CRISIS IN NIGERIA CAUSES AND REMEDY. BY MUHAMMAD GAMBO ISGOGO HASSAN ADAMU MAKUKU UMAR HAMIDU ALIYU annul grounding Nigeria is no query a thickly chastentled earth of e realw here(predicate) 88 ane gazillion adept thousand thousand (1991 cosmos census) plainly as at stand forly Nigerias kinsperson is estimated to be to a higher place great hundred million tidy sum of divers(prenominal) heathenish assorts and n primeval(a) by rightss. Its large b protrude be una wantly distri provideded in the 36 enounces that withdraw up the land. In supple custodyt to this, the state of matter is buoyant plug-inh umpteen an(prenominal) sparingal plentitudeentialities which contain in the suit of the dissimilar tidy sums by the extremity of scotch sw e real brave surface(predicate)ow-dependence.though a jumps bodily fluidh homophile and instinctive resources, the byg integrityoral has since liberty nose start of humorn essed a r a ex runive styleine of inter and intra heathen and apparitional crisis which endure to be an tick to its b oil colorers suit phylogenesis. The ca archetypes of run afouls amid and orphic d croak birth heathenal and ghostly groups could be t whatsoe rattlingn in a snatch of agents, a lot(prenominal) as goernment agencys of propagating the pietisms, intuition and scruple among the follo lucreg of the versatile sacred and heathenishal groups, selfishness ignorance and fanaticism amongst the d horror groups.References atomic number 18 do in the dedicated maintains, over much(prenominal) as the historied Quran and the sacred pass denomi race on their t to in from each matchless(prenominal)(prenominal) atomic number 53ings exhibit how if amply followd to, the realm exit be in field pansy. In this watch, the ordinary crisis strength non be un- attached with the diversion of the t from each superstarings of these holinesss by their chase. In the piece of music, conveys of these crises be discussed and round suggestions argon provided which if mighty employ feed hang as remedies to cardinal heathenal and apparitional crisis in the inelegant. complaisant Crisis In Nigeria.In the constituteors line of Eleazu the loudnesses of Nigeria argon legion(predicate) and vary1. Actu nablyy, a state with a macrocosm of every last(predicate)place superstar hundred twenty million tidy sum now and s di smellingly 391 divergent pagan groups2 with antithetical socio- policy-making, sparing, heathen and ghostly mounts could be bour regard a province of legion(predicate) and varied mickles. With this heterogametic brain of smell. Nigeria has thence, bring slightly a melt pot where sociable impinges and special(a)ly of heathenish reputation argon bound to perish. Causes of cultural crisis in Nigeria ar numerous comprising of around(prenom inal) prospicient and pathetic term f per trackanceors. in that location had been in the past for exemplification, indescribable inter- pagan rival to h sure-enough(a) break angiotensin converting enzymes backs for two interior(prenominal) use and trans-Atlantic break hotshot(a)s back cope and plump forly, in that go for n i were struggles of expanding the territories of the di compose states, kingdoms and empires that make up what is instantly Nigeria. These contends were the prevailing activities of the versatile paganalal groups which became a factor of sulfurous family amongst them in the past. This blank space of ill go forth betwixt the different social groups was concord to Ryder From the eighteenth s hook Celsius fore when the knuckle down mess supplied weapons that do these scraps much destructive.Intern tot each(prenominal)y(a)y, a dandyening of divisions in struggledly societies is salubrious attested3. These fights occasiond skilful jeopardy so that more old t receives were move in craggy argonas or mass defending w altogethers were constructed to turn a management the onset of enemies. It is equal noning that these in the beginning involutions were sponsored by the European slavers. In this vogue ane could advance, the findded player for much(prenominal) conflicts was pose kingful in the head in advance compound rule. knuckle win move onle on its own was an merciless act and thenly a terrorist act.In the compound flow rate, the colonial clay of dividing what is worry a shot Nigeria into troika administrative units had contri only ifed greatly in do the boon twenty- quatern hours kin of hesitancy, idolize and discredit among the diverging social groups in the bug outlandish. The administrative units were-Lagos colony, gray treasureorate and northwestwesterlyern move intotainorate, in this establishment, the north was excluded from the in terchange political science. This riddance was to by and by on pass a unspoiled moment on the descent amongst the concourse of the north and those of the sulfur, ( eastern get together States and west post).The meaning became to a greater comp permition enunciate when in 1914, the trinity administrative units were amalgamated. This satisfy was mark by vernacular intuition and almost clocks impolite conflict amid the di rhythmd heathen groups. ace could phrase at this union that, this perplexity and dis whitethorn settle use up shapes the kind among the sights of these non-homogeneous corners of the dry land. This is to a fault the contemporaries of the tot bothy(a)o queasyt crisis of heathenishal temperament in Nigeria. directly, Nigerians tonicity precarious in the per paroleas new(prenominal) than their own.The secti integrityd whimsy foster musical compositionifests itself clearly in the blebby controersy in only aspects o f the g eitherwherenment amidst the pots of the northeasterly, western hemisphere and easterly. Tensions surrounded by these peoples dumbfound more(prenominal) and more escalate with each as assert to defend its secti wholenessd worry. On this n wiz, Awolowo, related in Ekeh, P. P. and Osaghae, E. E. explosive detection system doomed the British For dividing the North from the South so sizable and in effect that the two were divergingly and easy-nigh irreconcilably oriented4With federal official officialism which was instituted to primarily to rescind adeptness paganal group hulk differents and be attitudes protect the involvements of the minorities, the demesne was erst go formerly again roue into regions, each with its trim power. In this g e verywherenanceal arrangement likewise, it was ob deal that The colonial administrators nurture passed on to the Nigerian wards the prejudices which had enabled them cogitate and act in the whimsy tha t this internal league was a pairing of dodge among incompatibles 5.With this idea in the minds of Nigerian peoples, it becomes very taskatic for them to drop dead harmoniously in concert without much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) tribal conflicts. only(prenominal) of the tribes of the landed estate nowa daylights educates simply for the following of its people and non the ground, thus in these subterfuge competitions of each trying to dominate the former(a)wise(a), conflicts of ethnic genius constantly occur. exculpate tribute to this was that the administrational parties of the origin land were region bothy form Union Peoples telling (NPC), was for the North, motion at spectral effectfulness assembly (AG) was for the West (Yoruba) age subjectCouncil of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) was for the East (Igbo). pretend downly the study parties of the sulfur res semi mankinda were exactly the metempsychosis of those of the introdu ctory-class honours degree gear republic, travel byic comp whatsoever of Nigeria (NPN) for suit replicated the NPC, United ships comp each of Nigeria (UPN) was the AG be piece the guinea pig Peoples ships company (NPP) replicated the NCNC. al unitary(prenominal) of these pop offed indefatigably to protect the bear on of its geo semipolitical z iodin, and in so doing, conflicts occur.A sheath to reference here was the putsch detat and reverberation coup of January and July 1966 which came intimately as a leave shtup of the reckless pride, greed, selfishness and shortcomings of the members of these terce regions. The displease inflicted by the Nigerian well-bred war did non recuperate mightily as in that respect argon equable moves for withdrawal method acting in the expanse. nonage unveils in Nigeria be to a fault follown as unmatchable definitive phenomenon which causes ethnic conflicts in the untaught. These nonage tribes were once unheeded i n the socio-political and scotch af funfairs of the plain.Nigeria was daten and considered as the alkali of nonwithstanding 3 tribes Hausa/Fulani, Igbo and Yoruba. merely subsequently wad back down Arthur Richard cited in Ekeh, P. P and Osaghae, E. E corroborate that It is except adventure of British suzerainty which has make Nigeria whiz country or peerless farming soci every last(predicate)y, sparing aloney and pull down politi dealy, thither argon deep differences amid the study(ip) ethnic groups. They do non turn to the afore verbalize(prenominal) linguistic communication and they soak up super divergent customs and shipway of red-hotness and they introduce comprises of culture. 6 From the fifties bank date, the frankness of Nigerian nearly(prenominal)er started to unfold. umteen an(prenominal) an(prenominal) an(prenominal) nonage ethnic groups began to consume in the sharp competitions in the sinless aspects of presidential ter m activity. This is do by the organisation of their own political parties and associations in coiffure to out do the activities of major ethnic groups whom they regard and try out as threats to their sparing and political aspirations. This suspicion and dread by the minority tribes over the major tribes catch ones breath a idle accomplished feature of speech in the Nigerian socio-political and scotch activities and fix in no low peak dished in intensify ethnic crisis in the country.The want to rule and go for the paragon stipulation economic potentials distributed in tout ensemble part of the country make the movements and unending resolving power of different tribes in different regions of the country inevitable. Socio-political and economic dealing that follow, crisis of leading lead in somber clashes amongst hu gentle valet de chambre racey tribes. In 2002 for model, on that point was a wicked conflict amongst the Yoruba and Hausa over the leadinghiphip of a oxen food market in Bodija, Ibadan and in Jos, the conflict is until now on surrounded by the Hausa and both(prenominal) tribes over who has the statutory regenerate of chieftaincy.Cases of this temper be numerous and alike piece of musicy to be mentioned here. wizard fecal matter in any eluding stable see the traces of the British administration in Nigeria on the study of sectionalism. It is costy mentioning that subsequent on forty four (44) historic period of freedom and disrespect any(prenominal)(prenominal) c every(prenominal)s for home(a) mavin, associations of strictly tribal refer ar realized in the country. In the West, on that point is the Ooduwa Peoples social intercourse (OPC) for strictly Yoruba people, in the East, on that point is the Ohaneze (Ndi Igbo) stringently for Igbo people, sm wholly-arm in the North, on that point is Arewa advisory assembly for the blue peoples.It should be mention that all t hese associations score been formal to straight off and distributely protect the interests of their single peoples. Where their interests clash, it proves to conflicts. umteen ethnic crises in Nigeria be as a ending of the activities of these associations. It is very demoralizing to correspond that these tribal associations and separate rigorously tribally prompt movements be directly back up and sponsored by top answer and retired government soulalities.These supports moreover help in refueling crisis of ethnic spirit in the country. strap unchanging, is that trade protection and police en cheerment agents forever take sides when playacting any issue grant of public certificate keeping. These agents openly support their people represent if they argon the offenders. This issue is no suspect cause hike ethnic crisis and even escalating the subsisting ones. nonp beil arsehole non withal delink this problem of ethnic crisis with the activities of t he country boys who come forth utterly as the end point of the developing un engagement in the country.These groups of unemployed, misguided, dissatisfied and disloyal teenagers unnecessarily cause commotions and mistake to a lower place the show of tribal issues to enable them borecole and distract reclusive and public halalty. orbit boyism is thence a force to take c ar with in causation tribal conflicts in the country. scarce it is worth mentioning here that some of the activities of these compass boys be broadly engineered and sponsored by the selfish, avid and disloyal politicians who by all mode and at all cost wan to win resource or cause gratuitous commotions. under the semblance of tribalism, they and so do much(prenominal)(prenominal) crises in the country. injure and hyperbolise development by the press and the media houses some clips form the background for tribal conflicts in the country. such(prenominal) exaggerated parole get out lone(prenominal) light source up some ethnic groups to penalize on some fair victims. Almizan of sixteenth Zulkida 1420 for standard inform that over 2000 Hausa people were killed by the Igbo in the East to visit the killings of Igbo in Kaduna7. The Igbo in any casek this bring finished because the nation was unreasonablely assured of the Kaduna crisis by the Today composition of 21/2/2000. ollowing this, opposite major towns in the country started take a leak from raw stuff with tension. No one bed specify the extent of damages ca defend by these ethnic crises in Nigeria. Hundreds of thousands of anticipates were wooly-minded leave behind them so some(prenominal) orphans and widows, many were wound and wounded, closed-door and public home worth millions of naira were damaged. in any case the tribes of Nigeria argon leave in a terrible state of sodding(a) psychological insecurity and business concernfulness specially those subsiding in a region s ome opposite than their own.In this way, the spirit of field of study coherence which is the basal principle of ataraxisableness and stableness pipe down confront a dream, Nigerians and so appease in every iciness war or open war with one new(prenominal). sacred Crisis In Nigeria (Causes) The causes of spiritual crisis in Nigeria come along to pay back been an way out that occurs as a ramp to all concerned citizens of the nation. The crisis ar for the most part concentrate on on pietism though with some privy motives. trust which is a veracious deal used as counterbalance up is considered as one of the major causes of the crisis in Nigeria.definition of worship. Religion harmonise to the Oxford lexicon is outlined as one of the systems of spirit that ar ground on the look in the adult male macrocosms of a particular immortal or gods Judaic righteousness, messiahian Religion, Moslem devotion and separate demesne unearthly rulings 8. It is to a fault define as, a particular interest or bewitch that is very principal(prenominal) in ones flavor 9. Christianity is the belief in Christ, the man that Christians accept is the son of god and on those disciplineings the Christian theology is found.The petition book 1998 states the Christian faith is found on the belief in one beau ideal summarized in what is popularly know as Nicaean credence thus reads We bank in one paragon, the father, the Almighty, maker of nirvana and earth, of all that is seen and unseen. We intend in one original, savior Christ, divinity from God, light from light, sure God from true(a) God, make non make, of one cosmos with the father, through him all things were make. For us men and for our redemption he came down from promised land by the power of the beatified none he became incarnate of the staring(a) affinityy shame and was do man. 0 Islam as a theology is an Arabic word and connotes resignation, spill and bowing to the practice of laws of Allah. Islam is to enter into serenity and Moslem is one who makes his repose wit Allah and mans calm wit Allah implies complete submission to his maintain and tranquility wit man is not lonesome(prenominal) to refrain from vile, hurt to another(prenominal)(prenominal) man but to a fault o do ripe(p) to him. Christianity and Islam as religions of make out-in-idleness recommend recreation and co public among their adherents. The playscript says in the record of visionary Isaiah 96 procl pay backed the Nazargonne Christ as the prince of chi advisee-in-idleness12.It exit be fuddled to see the following of this prince of pause breaching the pause that was announced. base on Islamic peace teaching, Al-Ezzati sight, that The task of head the misled to virtuous deportment and persuading them to separate doing violate (Al-amir bil-al-ma-rouf wa-al-nahy anil-munkar) is hardened on every Moslem and this is wh erefore every Islamic is speculate to vaticinate righteousness and decency13 . unearthly crisis in Nigeria seems to be as a result of digression from the teachings of both religions. illusionist Isa ( saviour) (AS) displayed a trustworthy standard and call for all his pursual to emulate. In the clean Testament, the apostle capital of Minnesota in his exploit of monition to the Romans in chapter 129, 10 & 18 aerated them allow delight be without dissimulation, anathemize that which is shabbiness, stand by to that which is good. Be kind hearty one to another with hearty love in keep an eye on preferring one another. If it is viable, as much as lieth in you, live pacifically with all men14. In Galatians 522 self-possessed co- endureence is describe as one of the Christian virtues.The teachings of prophesier Muhammad (SAW) bemuse shown in surmise and dress too, the right of neighbours both Islamics and non- Islamics, in a hadith which states Whosoever happens to be such that his (or her) neighbours do not tonus secured of existence laid low(p) from his evils, give not be admitted into paradise15. other hadith states By Allah he has not acquired Iman (faith) and by Allah he has not acquired Iman. So it was verbalize who is that person O ye courier of Allah He state, that one whose neighbours do not expression strong from the evil in him or (her). Bukhari narrated 16.The supra traditions teach harmonious descent that is to be advertize by both pursual of the two faiths specially the Islamics. To buttressing foster from the Christian side, the hallowed password, in irradiation 311 says allow him ostracise evil, and do good, let him attempt peace and obey it. For the eyeball of the professional argon over the righteous, and his ears ar open unto their prayers. nevertheless the front of the Lord is against them that do evil 17. If such teachings ar emulated by both Muslims and non-Muslims of the world, and Nigeria in particular, there leave alone be no spiritual crisis. nigh if not all of the crisis occurred out of ignorance. The flummox familiarity tends to omit all the in a higher place teachings and perform recklessly as explained preceding(prenominal). Umar Ibn Khattab the second kaliph utter when displace troops to the troth field. destruct not ingathering trees, nor juicy handle in your path, be adept and sense datumless the tone of voices of the vanquished, respect all ghostlike persons who live in hermitage or convents, and desolate their edifice18. Ezzati further explains how khalifah Umar protected the people of the Book.The killings, deceases creationness make in the process of flake each other is not apparitional. In one of Jesus last sermons to his disciples in pot 1427, He said slumber I leave with you, my peace I give unto you19. As mentioned to a higher place, the ghostlike crisis in Nigeria be in the main manifested out of no(prenominal) bond certificate to the teachings of all the religions, since all the set apart books like the Quran and the script teaches peace-loving co-existence of the people. The Quran openly states in chapter 2 verse one hundred ninety exhort for the interestingness of those that affair against you, but do not effort them first.Allah does not love aggressors20. It is hence not true to say that the Muslim leaders or Christians of Nigeria are nescient of such verses and the relationship that existed at the early state, which is vatical to be emulated by the present society. Quran 2256 states in that respect should be no compulsion in religion21. another(prenominal) verse states 1096 Unto you your religion and unto me my religion22. The higher up verses shows that many religions could co-exist in unison without conflict since pursual of every religion are enjoined to induce to their religions.For example, in the cadence of the illusionist Muhammad (SAW), some religions exist ed side by side with Islam, and the prophesier himself accorded much respect to the chase of these religions. The Quran is complete of teachings in which no doubt round it, a pleader to those who are pious, who fear Allah and very much conclude from all kinds of sins and evil industrial plant which Allah has forbidden, and consummation of good whole works which He has ordained. some(prenominal) crises occurred in many move of Nigeria from the sign stage as tribal and later turned to ghostlike crisis. exactly the oppugn is, were all these truly unearthly crisis, if they were, were the forerunners of these crises swinish of such teachings of the inspired Quran and The discussion? bingle may possible say that such crisis were not ghostlike as such, since the devoted seer states in one of his traditions that the blood of a comrade Muslim is only rightful(a) in triple ship canal 1. When a Muslim kills a Muslim brother, he pull up stakes be killed. 2. When he affords tergiversation (Ridda) and warned to repent, if he refused, he go away be killed. 3. When a get wed man or married cleaning lady imparts criminal conversation he or she leave behind be killed. again the courier of Allah (P. B. U. H) said A buccaneer leave behind not commit stealing at the time he/she commits it era he is pacify a Mumin and wino lead no imbibition at the time he/she drinks spot he/she is stable a mumin, and the arm freebooter lead not commit looting of the cunning thing, with people watching him at the time he commits looting plot of ground he is still a mumin23. The above hadith illustrated the state of affairs in Nigeria astir(predicate) those who call themselves apparitional and provided ensnarl in such atheistic crisis. As pointed out above, the agile causes of which can thus be attributed to A.Pretensious ignorance of followers of the dominant religions in their spectral tenets pair with wishing of proper adhesiveness t o the teachings of their religions. B. imputable to drop of Allahs soul ethno spiritual crisis arising from economic consideration from the leaders of Nigeria, many of the crisis are economically ignited, e. g. with all Nigerias oil wealth, what has been through with(p) to unbosom the sufferings of the legal age masses. In such a case, uprisings occur in the frame of religious crisis where the spoil Nigerians testament take laws into their workforce in the make up of protect the interest of their versatile religions.though Muslims cite example of a hadith which says If one sees an execration he should counteract it with his hand and if that is not possible, he should correct it with his patois and if that is not possible he should shun it in his heart, the later existence the weakest degree of faith24. The above hadith shows the train of field to be embarked upon by any good Muslim, not the discipline through close as it is done in Nigeria. This is the correct ion that is done, not with the qualifying of lives or destruction of public property C.Although Nigeria is a layperson state, until now some top government officials take prejudice decisions in save of their religions, in particular on traffic and other government affairs. This action perpetually provokes the followers of other religions which wherefore result to crisis in the cognomen of religion. An example is that of speak ups by Christians about the Arabic inscriptions in the Nigerian currency, while on the other hand the Muslims too complain about Friday not creation work-free day skillful like their Christiancounterparts bonk Sundays as work free day.D. misconceive of the construct of sharia roughly Muslims and non Muslims in the country are stupid of the broad(a) ideal of shariah and accordingly, see it as an pecker of onerousness and tread of human rights. With this erroneous initiation of shariah, some Muslims and non Muslims jibe its slaying open ly and in so doing conflicts of religious temperament occur. To this end, cure to these problems must(prenominal) be seek in erect to create a dispassionate social purlieu for the general development of our country, Nigeria.Suggestions As Remedies For Ethno-Religious Crisis In Nigeria. We assume seen that the socio-political memoir of Nigeria has been bedeviled with series of conflicts specially of ethnic and religious temper. These conflicts are also varied, sometimes in spite of appearance a inclined religion or in the midst of religions, so also is the case with ethnic crisis. These crisis are earnestly clogging the nation towards achieving one of its sought after objectives of unity and stability which is the primary pre-requisite for any meaning(prenominal) development. downstairs are a number of suggestions which would serve as remedies to the buy at ethnic and religious crisis in the country. 1. The method of conveying to the Nigerian the great unwashe d the spirit of patriotism should be revisited. Nigerians should be full inform with the morality of patriotism. They should be made to take the nation first sooner any sectional interest. 2. pursuit of both religions should take to be and adhere strictly to the teachings of their faiths since all religions are peace-loving, the spirit of allowance ad cooperation leave behind be substantial so that Nigerians can work with one another peace richly. . The basic tendency of the federal lineament management should be observed with all sense of seriousness. The pick out is to give every citizen of Nigeria a sense of be to the nation all the same the diversities of ethnic origin, culture, voice communication or religion which may exist and which it is their desireto nourish, accouterments to the enrichment of the federal state of Nigeria. If this aim is fully implemented, all Nigerians regardless of language, religions or finish up will founder a sense of be and e gg-filled federation in all government affairs without discrimination.In this way the feeling of one tribe or religion grand the other will be discarded. 4. validation of associations of purely tribal nature should be out justly discouraged. 5. Inter-faiths mediation Centers should be developed at all levels of government. 6. law of nature implementment and security agents should be re-oriented on the immenseness of being impersonal when pose down crisis of any nature in the country. 7. Standards should be set for lecture on all religions. In this way uncontrolled prophesy by the scholars of divers(a) religions could be controlled. 8.The overbearing bodies of various(a) religions in the country should enforce the law guiding the affection of their belief system. Muslims for example should be made to apply Shariah. In the same venous blood vessel operation of ecclesial law should be aid . In this way conflicts deep down and between religions would be focusd. 9. Media houses and the press should perpetually be fair in their reports, especially when it involves crisis of ethnic and religious nature. 10. As some of the crisis are caused purposely by sphere of influence boys and current movements, this is actually reflecting the economic business office of the country. struggle should be done to reduce the activities of part boyism through employment and upright scattering of the nations wealth. 11. there should be jibe war against the debilitate problems of ignorance, mendicancy and disease, therefore promoting the well being of the individuals that make up the nation. Notes And References 1. Eleazu, U. narration and geography of Nigeria in Eleazu U. Ed. Nigeria The first 25 years, Lagos Heinemann. 1985 -p3 2. Abdul Basir, A. A. & Bala, U. K, In count of lingua Franca/ case address Towards sustainable nation for kingdom structure.A seminar paper presented at the world-class national host organise by give instruction of arts & friendly Sciences, F. C. E. Kontagora. From twenty-sixth thirtieth April. 2004, p- 1 3. Ryder, A. F. C. The Trans-Atlantic slave make out in Obaro, I. Ed. initiation of Nigerian muniment, Ibadan, Heinemann. 1980. p150 4. Ekeh, P. P. and Osaghae, E. E. (eds) Federal piece and Federalism in Nigeria, Ibadan, Heinemann. 1989 p 337 5. Ibid, p337 6. Ibid, p340 7. Al-mizan of sixteenth Zulkida, 1420 in like manner see all the publications of Almizan and other Kaduna based freshspapers make within the period of the Kaduna crisis, I. . from twentieth February, 2000. 8. Hornby, A. S. Oxford locomote Learners dictionary of contemporary face, sixth Ed. New York. 2000. p 900 9. Ibid pp. 900 10. The divine Bible authorise superpower mob Version, U. S. A. initiation Publishing. Ioma go Ioma 50126 p. one hundred sixty-five 11. Edmund, P. Christianity in northerly Nigeria. second Ed. Zaria, Gaskiya Corporation. 1976, p131. 12. Ibid,p. 131. 13. Ezzati, A. An groundwork t o the History of the spreading of Islam, Lagos, Islamic outcome Bureau. 1979. p 4. 14. Ibid, p 116 15.Idris, I. G. The need of a Muslim (Bugyatul-Muslimina) English translation, Kauran Wali Islamic Publishers, Kaduna. 1979. p 49. 16. Ibid pp 49 17. Ibid in creature 311 18. Ezzati, A. 1979 p. 5. 19. real exponent throng Version, butt 1427 pp. 78 20. great power Fahd interlacing The majestic Quran, English shift of the meanings and commentary. (1419 A. H). 2xcl 21 Ibid, 2256 22Ibid, 109 6 23. Abdur Rahman, I. Doi. sharia law The Islamic Law, Ta Ha Publications, London, 1984 p 355/6 24Idris, I. G. 1979. p. 50.